Asian Pacific Americans in Challenging Times: Resistance and Unity
Asian Americans and Black Americans in solidarity
Cross-racial solidarity between Asian Americans and Black Americans
Hawaiians support the civil rights movement with leis during the march from Selma to Montgomery. To give and wear a lei is a Hawaiian emblem and gesture of love.
Invisible Asian Americans Missing in U.S. History
Patsy Mink of Hawaii was the first woman of color elected to Congress
AANHPI support for the LGBTQIA+ community
What You Can Do to Stand Against Hate
Educational resources to learn more
Resources
History of Angel Island Immigration Station
United States vs. Wong Kim Ark
Asian American Docuseries on PBS
Massacre at Hells Canyon
Videos/Television/Radio
Public Broadcasting Service — Asian Americans: The history, contributions, and challenges experienced by Asian Americans
Asian Americans Docuseries/PBS
Chinese Immigration/PBS
History of the Angel Island Immigration Station
United States vs. Wong Kim Ark
Massacre at Hells Canyon
Waterman-Duke: Ambassador of Aloha/PBS
Narrated by Jason Momoa, this is the story and considerable impact of five-time Olympic medalist Duke Kahanamoku. He shattered swimming records and globalized surfing while overcoming racism in a lifetime of personal challenges. Shown during May on Alabama Public Television/PBS
The History Behind Asian Pacific American Heritage, and Why It’s Celebrated in May
Websites
Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies
Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
National Archives News
First Arrivals, First Reactions/History, Art and Archives, United States House of Representatives
Key Facts about Asian Americans, a Diverse and Growing Population/Pew Research Center
U.S. Government Agency-Specific Resources
Asian American Health Profile/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Asian American and Pacific Islander Trailblazers in Science/National Institutes of Health
Library of Congress AAPI Collections
National Park Service Celebrates AANHPI Heritage Month
Social Justice
Free Bystander Resources and Training
Right to Be is a nonprofit organization that offers bystander intervention training to teach people how to stop harassment. Below are resources and free training opportunities.
Immigration History
(This historical timeline was compiled in 2022 in collaboration with Dr. Nahree Doh, associate director of Clinical and Outreach Services and licensed psychologist at the UA Counseling Center. She presented “What it Means to be an Asian American, Pacific Islander: History, Identity and Allyship” at the May meeting of Diversity, Coffee and Conversations, a monthly education program of the UA Division of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion.)
1790
Nationality Act Congress first defined citizenship by naturalization in this law and limited this right to “free white persons.” In practice, only white, male property owners could naturalize and acquire the status of citizens, whereas women, nonwhite persons, and indentured servants could not.
16th Century
Filipinos The first Asian American settlement in the United States was established by Filipino fishermen.
1850
Arrival of large numbers of Chinese men Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. Chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the American west, and as Chinese laborers grew successful in the United States, a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right.
1850
California passed anti-miscegenation law This statute, on the books since California achieved statehood in 1850, specifically banned interracial marriage between white and Blacks, declaring that “all marriages of whites with negroes and mulattoes are declared to be null and void.” The statute was later amended to ban the marriage of whites with people from other racial minority groups, including “Mongolian” or “malay,” in response to a subsequent increase in immigration from Asia.
1882
Chinese Exclusion Act This U.S. federal law was the first and only major federal legislation to explicitly suspend immigration for a specific nationality. The basic exclusion law prohibited Chinese laborers—defined as “both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining”—from entering the country.
1885
Rock Springs Massacre Disgruntled white miners in Rock Springs, Wyoming, brutally attacked their Chinese coworkers, killing 28 and wounding 15. The mob, which included women and children, looted and burned all 79 shacks and houses in Rock Springs’ Chinatown.
1887
Hells Canyon Massacre Considered one of the deadliest attacks against Chinese Americans in U.S. history, this event occurred when a gang of white horse thieves gunned down more than 30 Chinese laborers who were mining in northeast Oregon.
1898
United States v. Wong Kim Ark This landmark decision by the Supreme Court determined the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted birthright citizenship to all persons born in the United States regardless of race or nationality.
Hawaii: Asian Laborers in the early 20 century
Hawaii was the first U.S. possession to become a major destination for immigrants from Japan, and it was profoundly transformed by the Japanese presence.
1907
Gentleman’s Agreement This was an informal agreement between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan to ease growing tensions between the two countries, particularly pertaining to immigration.
1910
Immigration office at “Angel Island” open By the 20th century, a national system was established for specifically regulating Asian immigration. As part of the system, a new facility on Angel Island, the largest island in the San Francisco Bay and far from the mainland United States, was built.
1913
Alien Land Law The governments of many western states targeted Japanese Americans by passing legislation that banned “aliens ineligible for citizenship” from owning or leasing land.
1917
Immigration Act This law is best known for its creation of a “barred zone” extending from the Middle East to Southeast Asia from which no persons were allowed to enter the United States.
1924
Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act) The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.
1942-1946
Japanese American Internment Camps Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, would be incarcerated in isolated camps.
1943
Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act The repeal allowed Chinese immigrants to become naturalized citizens, but it did not extend benefits to other Asian immigrants.
1946
The Luce-Celler Act (Indian and Filipino) Along with the repeal of Chinese exclusion in 1943, the Luce-Celler Act further undermined Asian exclusion and emphasized foreign relations over racial discrimination by extending naturalization rights and immigration quotas to other key U.S. allies in Asia, the Philippines and India.
1950-1953
Korean War This fight began when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea.
1952
McCarran-Walter Act This act reformed some discriminatory provisions in immigration law but imposed a racialized quota system and introduced a system of preferences based on skill sets and family reunification.
1965
The Immigration Act This law abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States.
1967
Anti-Miscegenation Law is ruled unconstitutional The Supreme Court issued its Loving v. Virginia decision, which struck down laws that banned interracial marriages as unconstitutional.
1975
Vietnam War ended: The war as a conflict in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1955-1975 and was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. After the war, more than 3 million people fled their war-torn countries, with more than 1 million coming to the United States. Many others went to other countries or drowned at sea.
2021
Immigrants from Asia in the United States Today, people born on the continent of Asia account for 31 percent of the 44.9 million immigrants in the United States. That number refers to national origin, not race or ethnicity.
